tono Latin · revision 7498

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *(s)tenh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtɔ.noː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtɔː.no]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tonō''' (present infinitive tonāre, perfect active tonuī, supine tonitum); first conjugation, no passive^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*tonaō]], from [[ine-pro|*(s)tenh₂-|t=to thunder]].^(Wiktionary) Cognate with [[sa|तनयित्नु|tr=tanayitnú|t=thundering]], [[goh|donar]] and [[ang|þunor|t=thunder]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary says it replaced an earlier third-conjugation ⟨tonere⟩, and Varro's ⟨tonimus⟩ shows such a form.^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) Lewis and Short connect it with [[teneō]] and [[tendō]], which Wiktionary does not.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of thundering.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to thunder, impersonally or of Jupiter, and of the sky and natural forces, as in Virgil and Ennius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) From Lucretius it meant to resound with a noise like thunder, and in Cicero to speak in thunderous tones, as of Pericles.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to sound, thunder, resound, roar.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''tonare'', French ''tonner'' and Spanish ''tronar'', and through Old French ''estoner'' from Vulgar Latin ''*extonāre'' it gave [[en|astonish]].^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Spanish ''tronada'' is probably behind [[en|tornado]].^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of thundering.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of a thunderous noise.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of thunderous speech.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''astonish'' is recorded, ultimately from ''*extonāre''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|thunder]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To resound like thunder.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To speak thunderously; to utter thunderously.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[attonō]]

+ * [[circumtonō]]

+ * [[contonat]]

+ * [[dētonō]]

+ * [[intonō]]

+ * [[pertono]]

+ * [[prōtonō]]

+ * [[retonō]]

+ * [[tonēscō]]

+ * [[altitonāns]]

+ * [[adtonitus]]

+ * [[adtonō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tonus]]

+ * [[tonitrus]]

+ * [[en|astonish]]

+ * [[en|thunder]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}