securis Latin · revision 7482

16 Oct 2026, 13:58 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *sek-}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [sɛˈkuː.rɪs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [seˈkuː.ris]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''secūris''' ''f'' (genitive secūris); third declension^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is related to [[secō]] “to cut”, from [[ine-pro|*sek-|t=to cut]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) Wiktionary compares [[sla-pro|*sekyra|t=axe]].^(Wiktionary) The accusative is usually ⟨secūrim⟩, sometimes ⟨secūrem⟩, as in Cicero and Livy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Isidore derives it from cutting down trees, as if ⟨succūris⟩.^(Isidore)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of an axe.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant an axe, chopper, hatchet, and in Virgil a battleaxe.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Cicero it meant the executioner's axe, especially that carried in the fasces of a Roman magistrate, ''secūrī ferīre'' “to behead”, and in the plural the authority of a magistrate or of Rome.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Columella it was the chopping part of a vine-dresser's knife.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein contrasts the butcher's ''secūris'' with the carpenter's ''ascia''.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant an axe or hatchet.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it of felling axes, masons', butchers' and battle axes.^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian ''scure'', Spanish ''segur'' and Romanian ''secure''.^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of an axe.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the executioner's axe and of authority.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a battleaxe.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it of part of a pruning knife.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # An [[m|en|axe]], [[m|en|hatchet]]; a battleaxe.^(OLD 2012)
+ # The executioner's axe of the [[m|en|fasces]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # In the plural, a magistrate's authority, Roman [[m|en|jurisdiction]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # The chopping part of a vine-dresser's knife.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[secūricula]]
+ * [[secūrifer]]
+ * [[secūriger]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[secō]]
+ * [[en|saw]]
+ * [[en|sickle]]
+ 
+ ==Usage notes==
+ Döderlein distinguishes it as the butcher's cleaver from [[ascia]], the carpenter's axe.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}