rudis Latin · revision 7477

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *Hrew-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈrʊ.dɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈruː.dis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rudis''' (neuter rude); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Its origin is uncertain; the OLD calls it doubtful.^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline) Wiktionary derives it from [[ine-pro|*Hrew-|t=to tear up, dig up]] and relates it to [[rūdus]] “rubble”, and Köbler to [[ine-pro|*rewd-|t=to tear]].^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) Etymonline reports a preferred derivation from the source of [[rūfus]] “red”.^(Etymonline) Lewis and Short compare [[crūdus]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Plautus, whom he dates c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010) The OLD cites Varro for untilled land.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant still in its natural state, unwrought, of material, and of land uncultivated, as in Varro.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant roughly made, crude, as in Cicero, and of literary work clumsy, as in Ovid.^(OLD 2012) In Propertius it meant young, and in Martial unripe.^(OLD 2012) It meant primitive, uncivilized, as in Livy, untaught, untrained, of recruits raw, and with a genitive ignorant of something, as Cicero's ''rudis artium''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Horace it meant untried, unfamiliar.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant rough, ignorant, raw, unpolished, uncultured.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''rude'' and ''rozzo'', and through Old French it gave [[en|rude]] in the late 13th century, first of rough surfaces.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of untilled land.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of crude workmanship and of the ignorant.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 13th century – English ''rude'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Unwrought, raw; of land, untilled.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Roughly made, [[m|en|crude]]; clumsy.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Young; unripe.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Primitive, [[m|en|uncivilized]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Untaught, untrained; raw; [[m|en|ignorant]] (of).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Untried, unfamiliar.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ērudiō]]

+ * [[ruditas]]

+ * [[rudiārius]]

+ * [[rudicula]]

+ * [[rudīmentum]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[raudus]]

+ * [[ruber]]

+ * [[rūfus]]

+ * [[rūdus]]

+ * [[en|rude]]

+ * [[en|rudiment]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A different noun ''rudis'' meant a stirring stick and the wooden sword given to a gladiator on his discharge.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}