refero Latin · revision 7465

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la ferō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈrɛ.fɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈrɛː.fe.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''referō''' (present infinitive referre, perfect active rettulī, supine relātum); third conjugation, suppletive^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[re-]] “back, again” and [[ferō]] “to carry”, with the suppletive perfect ⟨rettulī⟩ and participle ⟨relātum⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Terence and Lucretius have ⟨rellātum⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of bringing back and of reporting.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to bring or carry back, as in Plautus, and in war to bring back spoils, and to move back, ''pedem referre'' “to go back”, ''signa referre'' “to retreat”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant to bring back a reply, to report news, and in Terence to refer a matter to someone for decision.^(OLD 2012) In Cicero it meant to put a matter before the Senate, to enter in a record or accounts, to judge by a standard, and to ascribe or trace back to a cause.^(OLD 2012) It meant to give back, repay, echo, and ''grātiam referre'' to show one's gratitude, as in Plautus.^(OLD 2012) From Cicero it meant to recall to mind and to relate, tell of, and in Lucretius to resemble.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to yield, refer, relate, tell, bring back.^(Stelten 1995) [[en|refer]] came in the late 14th century, “to trace back, attribute”, and [[en|relate]], from the participle, in the 1520s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of bringing back and of thanking.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of referring a matter.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the Senate and of ascribing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''refer'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1520s – English ''relate'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To bring back, carry home; to move back, withdraw.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To return; to revert.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To bring back a message; to [[m|en|report]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|refer]] (a matter for decision); to raise in the Senate.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To record, enter (in accounts).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To assign to a class; to judge by a standard; to ascribe, trace back.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To give back, repay; to echo, ''grātiam referre'', to show gratitude.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To revive, repeat; to recall.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|relate]], tell of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To resemble.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[circumreferō]]

+ * [[refrīuus]]

+ * [[relātiō]]

+ * [[relātīvus]]

+ * [[relātor]]

+ * [[relatoria]]

+ * [[relatrix]]

+ * [[relātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[adferō]]

+ * [[afferō]]

+ * [[auferō]]

+ * [[circumferō]]

+ * [[cōnferō]]

+ * [[dēferō]]

+ * [[differō]]

+ * [[efferō]]

+ * [[ferō]]

+ * [[īnferō]]

+ * [[en|refer]]

+ * [[en|relate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}