punio Latin · revision 7462

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=grc ποινή}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpuː.ni.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpuː.ni.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pūniō''' (present infinitive pūnīre, perfect active pūnīvī or pūniī, supine pūnītum); fourth conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[poena]] “penalty” with the suffix [[-iō]], with archaic ⟨poeniō⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The TLL notes that a verb in ⟨-āre⟩ would be expected from ⟨poena⟩, so that some connect the form in ⟨-īre⟩ with an old adverb.^(TLL) Lucretius has the syncopated ⟨poenībat⟩, and a deponent ⟨pūnior⟩ is also found.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Lewis and Short's examples begin with Cicero, of punishing faults and the guilty.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to inflict a penalty on, punish, as Cicero's ''peccāta pūnīmus'', and to avenge a wrong one has suffered.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to punish, chastise.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''punire'', French and Spanish ''punir'', and through the Old French stem ''puniss-'' it gave [[en|punish]] about 1300.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of punishing faults.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses the form ''poenībat''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''punish'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|punish]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|avenge]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[pūnītiō]]

+ * [[pūnītor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[poena]]

+ * [[poenālis]]

+ * [[poenāliter]]

+ * [[poenārius]]

+ * [[en|punish]]

+ * [[en|punishment]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}