poena Latin · revision 7459

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=Twelve Tables|origins=grc ποινή}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpoe̯.na]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpɛː.na]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''poena''' ''f'' (genitive poenae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|grc|ποινή|tr=poinḗ|t=penalty, blood money]], borrowed very early, since it occurs in the Twelve Tables.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) Köbler compares [[ine-pro|*kʷey-|t=to pay heed, punish]].^(Köbler 2010) Isidore says it is named because it punishes.^(Isidore)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is the Twelve Tables, which he dates about 450 BC; they fix twenty-five asses as the penalty for an injury.^(Köbler 2010)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant the penalty paid for an offence, punishment, and ''poenās dare'' to pay the penalty, as in Ennius; in Varro ''Poena'' is a goddess.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Gaffiot says it was first the ransom paid for a killing.^(Gaffiot 2016) In Cicero it meant satisfaction for an injury, revenge, and the unpleasant consequence of an action.^(OLD 2012) In Ulpian it meant a legal forfeit.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant pain, fine, punishment, penalty, and in canon law the deprivation of some good to correct a delinquent.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for suffering, affliction, and also for a rent.^(Niermeyer 1976) It survives in French ''peine'' and Italian and Spanish ''pena'', and Old French ''peine'' gave [[en|pain]] in the late 13th century, first of Christ's agony.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it of a fine.^(Köbler 2010)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses ''poenās dare''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of revenge.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 223 AD – Ulpian uses it of a forfeit.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 13th century – English ''pain'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A penalty, [[m|en|punishment]], ''poenās dare'', to pay the penalty.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Satisfaction for an injury, [[m|en|revenge]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(law)'' A [[m|en|forfeit]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # An unpleasant consequence.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Suffering, affliction.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[impūnis]]

+ * [[poenālis]]

+ * [[poenārius]]

+ * [[pūniō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[paeniteō]]

+ * [[en|pain]]

+ * [[en|penal]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}