vertical English · revision 7427

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1559|origins=la vertex}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/, /ˈvɝ.tə.kəl/; /ˈvɜː.tɪ.kəl/ ''(UK)''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|frm|vertical]] and directly [[bor|la-lat|verticalis|t=overhead]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) from Latin [[m|la|vertex|t=highest point, summit]] (genitive verticis) (see [[vertex]]).^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(NODE 1998)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Of or at the vertex, directly overhead: 1559, in ''vertical point'' (the zenith) and ''vertical circle''.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)^(MWU 2024) Etymonline dates it to the 1550s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of the sun or stars, directly overhead, is from 1594,^(OED 1989) and in geometry, of the angle opposite the base of a figure, from 1571.^(OED 1989) Perpendicular to the horizon, upright, is attested by 1704.^(Etymonline) The noun, the vertical position or line, is from 1834.^(Etymonline) In economics, ''vertical integration'' combines successive stages of production.^(Collins 2023)^(COED 2004)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1559 – at the zenith.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1571 – in geometry.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1594 – of the sun, overhead.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1704 – upright.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1834 – the vertical (noun).^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # At right angles to a horizontal plane; [[upright]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # ''(anatomy)'' Relating to the crown of the head.^(COED 2004)^(NODE 1998)

+ # Involving different levels of a hierarchy or stages of production.^(Collins 2023)^(COED 2004)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A vertical line, plane or position.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[verticality]]

+ * [[vertically]]

+ * [[verticalness]]

+ * [[nonvertical]]

+ * [[subvertical]]

+ * [[vertical angle]]

+ * [[vertical stabilizer]]

+ * [[vertical circle]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vertex]]

+ * [[vortex]]

+ * [[vertigo]]

+ * [[convert]]

+ * [[version]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}