hilaris Latin · revision 7400

16 Oct 2026, 13:51 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=Plautus|origins=grc ἱλαρός}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈhɪ.ɫa.rɪs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈiː.la.ris]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''hilaris''' (neuter hilare, comparative hilarior, superlative hilarissimus, adverb hilarē or hilariter); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)
+ Also ''hilarus, -a, -um'', the form under which the OLD enters it.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[bor|grc|ἱλαρός|tr=hilarós|t=cheerful, merry]], from [[m|grc|ἵλαος|tr=hílaos|t=propitious, gracious]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Etymonline relates the Greek to a root *selh- “to reconcile”, as in [[sōlor]] “to comfort”.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of a cheerful slave, in the form ''hilarus''.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant cheerful, light-hearted, of good cheer, as Plautus' ''hilarissumum convīvam'' and Cicero's ''hilarī animō esse'', and of features and expression cheerful, and in Columella of animals lively.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Of events and writings it meant marked by cheerfulness, as Cicero's ''hilara Sāturnālia'', and of things cheerful in aspect.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''gaudēre'' is joy as an inward state, while ''laetārī'' and ''hilarem esse'' are its outward expression.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant cheerful, joyful, smiling.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it of happiness and of a cheerful face or voice.^(DMLBS) [[en|hilarious]] came in 1823 from it, first “cheerful”.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses ''hilarus'' of a cheerful slave.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses ''hilarī animō''.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1st century AD – Columella uses it of lively animals.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1823 – English ''hilarious'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # Cheerful, light-hearted, merry.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Of animals, lively.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Marked by cheerfulness.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Cheerful in appearance.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[hilaritās]]
+ * [[laetus]]
+ * [[en|hilarious]]
+ * [[en|hilarity]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}