duro Latin · revision 7367

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la dūrus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈduː.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈduː.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dūrō''' (present infinitive dūrāre, perfect active dūrāvī, supine dūrātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[dūrus]] “hard” with the verb suffix [[-ō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Etymonline traces ⟨dūrus⟩ to [[ine-pro|*deru-|t=to be firm, solid]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of hardening oneself and of holding out.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Lewis and Short note it is mostly ante-classical and post-Augustan, and not in Cicero.^(Lewis & Short 1879) It meant to make hard, harden, as in Lucretius, to solidify liquids, to make skin horny, as in Virgil, and to dry for preservation, as in Horace.^(OLD 2012) It meant to inure, steel, as in Plautus, and intransitively to become hard, to harden oneself.^(OLD 2012) From Plautus it meant to hold out, endure, last, and in Virgil to bear with.^(OLD 2012) Of things it meant to last, continue, of food to keep, as in Cato, of living things to survive, and in Tacitus to extend, in Quintilian to remain unchanged.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to make hard, persevere, endure, remain, last.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''durare'' and French ''durer'', and through Old French ''durer'' the Middle English verb ''duren'' gave [[en|during]].^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of holding out.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of food keeping.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of hardening.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''during'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To harden; to solidify; to dry.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To inure, steel.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To become hard; to harden oneself.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To hold out, [[m|en|endure]]; to bear.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To last; to keep; to survive.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To extend; to remain.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[condūrō]]

+ * [[dūrābilis]]

+ * [[dūrāmen]]

+ * [[dūrāmentum]]

+ * [[durator]]

+ * [[dūrātrix]]

+ * [[ēdūrō]]

+ * [[exeduratus]]

+ * [[indūrō]]

+ * [[obdūrō]]

+ * [[perdūrō]]

+ * [[praedūrō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dūrus]]

+ * [[en|during]]

+ * [[en|endure]]

+ * [[en|durable]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}