confirmo Latin · revision 7343

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la firmus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [kõːˈfɪr.moː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [koɱˈfir.mo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cōnfirmō''' (present infinitive cōnfirmāre, perfect active cōnfirmāvī, supine cōnfirmātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[con-]] and [[firmō]] “to strengthen”, from [[firmus]] “firm”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) The TLL notes the old long ⟨ī⟩ of ⟨fīrmō⟩.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of reassuring and of ratifying.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to strengthen the body, as in the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'', and in Seneca the mind, to mature, and to make firm a structure, as Caesar's stakes.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) From Plautus it meant to reassure, encourage, and in Cicero to confirm someone in loyalty, strengthen a military position, an authority or a state of affairs.^(OLD 2012) It meant to support or prove an argument, to corroborate a statement, and in Plautus to ratify an agreement officially, and to assert, affirm.^(OLD 2012) The TLL calls it especially Ciceronian.^(TLL)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to strengthen, confirm, uphold.^(Stelten 1995) Through Old French ''confermer'' it gave [[en|confirm]] in the mid-13th century, “to ratify, sanction”.^(Etymonline) It survives in Italian ''confermare'' and Spanish ''confirmar''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of reassuring and ratifying.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86/82 BC – The ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' uses it of strengthening the body.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of proving and confirming.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-13th century – English ''confirm'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To strengthen; to mature.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To make firm.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To reassure, encourage.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To strengthen a position or authority; to establish.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To prove; to corroborate.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|ratify]], [[m|en|confirm]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To assert, affirm.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cōnfirmātiō]]

+ * [[confirmatiuus]]

+ * [[cōnfīrmātor]]

+ * [[confirmatrix]]

+ * [[confirmitās]]

+ * [[cōnfirmātē]]

+ * [[cōnfirmātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[affirmō]]

+ * [[circumfirmō]]

+ * [[cōnfirmātīvē]]

+ * [[firmō]]

+ * [[īnfirmō]]

+ * [[offirmō]]

+ * [[firmus]]

+ * [[en|confirm]]

+ * [[en|confirmation]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}