trauma English · revision 7312

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1693|origins=grc τραῦμα}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈtɹɔː.mə/, /ˈtɹaʊ.mə/ ''(UK)''; /ˈtɹɔm.ə/, /ˈtɹaʊ.mə/ ''(US)''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is medical Latin, [[bor|grc|τραῦμα|tr=traûma|t=a wound, a hurt]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) related to titrṓskein, to wound,^(Barnhart 1988) from PIE *trau-, an extended form of [[ine-pro|*terh₁-|alt=*tere-|t=to rub, turn]] (see [[throe]]).^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A physical wound: 1693.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It first meant a condition produced by external violence, as opposed to poison or infection.^(Etymonline) The psychological sense, an unpleasant experience causing abnormal stress, is from 1894, in William James,^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) and was implied earlier in ''traumatic'' (1889).^(Barnhart 1988) General and figurative use is from 1977.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1693 – a physical wound.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1894 – a psychic wound.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1977 – general use.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A serious [[injury]] or [[shock]] to the body.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # An emotional shock that causes lasting [[psychological]] damage.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[traumatic]]

+ * [[traumatically]]

+ * [[traumatism]]

+ * [[barotrauma]]

+ * [[traumatology]]

+ * [[traumatise]]

+ * [[traumatize]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[throe]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}