vulnero Latin · revision 7302

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Ennius|origins=la vulnus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈwʊɫ.nɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈvul.ne.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vulnerō''' (present infinitive vulnerāre, perfect active vulnerāvī, supine vulnerātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[vulnus]] “wound” with the verb suffix [[-ō]], and is also spelled ⟨volnerō⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Ennius, of wounding.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to wound, inflict a wound on, as in Caesar and Cicero, and in Livy to damage things.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Figuratively, from Cicero, it meant to hurt, distress, and to damage someone's interests.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''vulnus'' is a wound made by a weapon, ''plāga'' one made by a blow.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to wound.^(Stelten 1995) Its Late Latin derivative ''vulnerābilis'' gave [[en|vulnerable]] about 1600.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of wounding.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of emotional hurt.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of damaging things.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1600 – English ''vulnerable'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|wound]]; to damage.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To hurt, distress; to harm.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vulnus]]

+ * [[en|vulnerable]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}