perficio Latin · revision 7272

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la faciō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [pɛrˈfɪ.ki.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [perˈfiː.t͡ʃi.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''perficiō''' (present infinitive perficere, perfect active perfēcī, supine perfectum); third (-iō variant) conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[per-]] “through, thoroughly” and [[faciō]] “to make, do”, as Varro noted.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of completing an action and of carrying out an injunction.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to bring to an end, complete, finish, as Caesar's ''opere perfectō'' “the work being finished”, to complete a period, as in Horace, and to finish building or composing, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Cato it meant to break down, digest food, and in Vitruvius to use up.^(OLD 2012) It meant to bring to perfection, make perfect, as in Cicero, of plants to bring to maturity, and to give a product its final treatment.^(OLD 2012) It meant to carry out a promise or order, to bring about, achieve, so that ''perficere ut'' was to bring it about that, as in Plautus, and to render, make.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to make perfect, finish, perform, accomplish, consummate.^(Stelten 1995) Its participle ''perfectus'' gave Old French ''parfit'', Middle English ''parfit'', and the classicized [[en|perfect]] in the early 15th century.^(Etymonline) It survives in French ''parfaire''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of completing and of carrying out.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of digesting.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of perfecting.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''perfect'' is recorded in its Latin spelling.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To complete, finish; to finish building.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To break down, digest; to use up.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|perfect]]; to bring to maturity.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To carry out, execute.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To bring about, achieve.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To render, make.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[imperfectus]]

+ * [[perfectiō]]

+ * [[perfectissimatus]]

+ * [[perfector]]

+ * [[perfectrix]]

+ * [[perfectus]]

+ * [[perficus]]

+ * [[sēmiperfectus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[afficiō]]

+ * [[cōnficiō]]

+ * [[dēficiō]]

+ * [[efficiō]]

+ * [[faciō]]

+ * [[īnficiō]]

+ * [[interficiō]]

+ * [[officiō]]

+ * [[praeficiō]]

+ * [[prōficiō]]

+ * [[en|perfect]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}