parens Latin · revision 7245

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *perh₃-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpa.rẽːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpaː.rens]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''parēns''' ''m'' or f (genitive parentis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is apparently an old aorist participle of [[pariō]] “to bring forth”, from Proto-Italic *par-(e)nt-, from [[ine-pro|*pérh₃-t]], from [[ine-pro|*perh₃-|t=to produce, beget]]; compare the regular present participle ⟨pariēns⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) The genitive plural is ⟨parentum⟩, also ⟨parentium⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of a parent.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a parent, father or mother, as Cicero's ''parēns tuus'', and in the plural parents, also of animals and of trees.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant an ancestor, and ''dīvī parentum'' the spirits of dead parents, as in Nepos.^(OLD 2012) ''Parēns patriae'' “father of the country” was an honorific title, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012) It was used of a mother country or city, of the creative power of nature, the creator, and of the inventor of an art or the founder of a school, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012) Figuratively it meant a source or cause.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant a parent.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used the plural of relatives, kin, and British Medieval Latin ''prīmī parentēs'' of Adam and Eve.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS) It survives in Spanish ''pariente'' and Italian ''parente'', and through Old French ''parent'' it gave [[en|parent]] in the early 15th century; legal Latin ''in locō parentis'' is used in English from the 1640s.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a parent.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses ''parēns patriae''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 100–24 BC – Nepos uses ''dīvī parentum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''parent'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|parent]], father or mother.^(OLD 2012)

+ # An ancestor, ''dīvī parentum'', the spirits of dead parents.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''parēns patriae'', the father of one's country.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A mother country or city.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The creative power of nature; the creator.^(OLD 2012)

+ # An inventor, founder; an author.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A source, cause.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin, plural)'' Relatives, kin.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[parentālis]]

+ * [[parentēla]]

+ * [[parenticīda]]

+ * [[parenticīdium]]

+ * [[parentō]]

+ * [[parentālia]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pariō]]

+ * [[pater]]

+ * [[māter]]

+ * [[en|parent]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Pārēns'', with a long ''ā'', is the participle of [[pāreō]] “to obey”, “obedient”, and as a noun in Sallust ''pārentēs'' are subjects.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}