vulnus Latin · revision 7231

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈwʊɫ.nʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈvul.nus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vulnus''' ''n'' (genitive vulneris); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from Proto-Italic *welanos, perhaps from [[ine-pro|*welh₃-|t=to hit]], and cognate with [[vellō]] “to pluck”.^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The OLD compares, with doubt, [[cy|gweli|t=wound]], [[non|valr|t=the slain]] and [[grc|οὐλή|tr=oulḗ|t=scar]].^(OLD 2012) It is also spelled ⟨volnus⟩, as in Plautus and Terence.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of a wound.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a wound, as Caesar's “many wounds given and received”, and in Virgil a wound caused by something or a wound of love, and poetically the wounds a weapon carries.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In Ovid it meant damage to things, and in Cicero a mental or emotional hurt and an injury to one's interests or the state.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''vulnus'' and ''plāga'' are wounds from outside, ''vulnus'' from a weapon or cutting tool, ''plāga'' from a blow, while ''ulcus'' is a sore from within.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant wound, injury, blow, disaster.^(Stelten 1995) Its verb ''vulnerāre'' “to wound” is the source, through Late Latin ''vulnerābilis'', of [[en|vulnerable]], recorded about 1600.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a wound.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of wounds in battle.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of emotional hurt.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of the wound of love.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1600 – English ''vulnerable'' is recorded, from ''vulnerābilis''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|wound]]; a wound of love.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Damage to a thing.^(OLD 2012)

+ # An emotional hurt.^(OLD 2012)

+ # An injury to one's interests; a disaster.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[vulnerārius]]

+ * [[vulnerō]]

+ * [[vulnifer]]

+ * [[vulnificō]]

+ * [[vulnificus]]

+ * [[uulnusculum]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vulnerābilis]]

+ * [[vulnerātiō]]

+ * [[vulnerātor]]

+ * [[ulcus]]

+ * [[vellō]]

+ * [[plāga]]

+ * [[en|vulnerable]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}