voluntarius Latin · revision 7229

16 Oct 2026, 13:19 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Rhetorica ad Herennium|origins=la volō}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [wɔ.ɫʊnˈtaː.ri.ʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [vo.lunˈtaː.ri.us]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''voluntārius''' (feminine voluntāria, neuter voluntārium); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[voluntās]] “will” with the suffix [[-ārius]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is from the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'', of actions undertaken voluntarily.^(OLD 2012) Köbler's first source is Cicero; he dates the ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' 86/82 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant acting of one's own free will, voluntary, often with an adverbial force, as Cicero's ''auxilia voluntāria'' “volunteer forces”, and as a noun a soldier serving of his own free will, a volunteer, as in Caesar and Livy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Of actions and experiences it meant voluntarily undertaken, depending on the will, and in Tacitus ''accūsātiō voluntāria'' was a prosecution undertaken for a city by an influential Roman.^(OLD 2012) Varro uses it of arbitrary names.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''sponte'' refers to the mind of the agent, ''ultrō'' to an over-ready action.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant voluntary, free, gracious, willing, and ''voluntāriī'' volunteers, ''voluntārium'' a freewill offering.^(Stelten 1995) French ''volontaire'' gave [[en|volunteer]] about 1600, of one who offers himself for military service.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 86/82 BC – The ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' uses it of voluntary actions.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses ''auxilia voluntāria''.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of volunteers.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 1600 – English ''volunteer'' is recorded, through French.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # Acting of one's own free will, [[m|en|voluntary]]; as a noun, a [[m|en|volunteer]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # Voluntarily undertaken, depending on the will.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Of names, arbitrary.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' ''voluntārium'', a freewill offering.^(Stelten 1995)
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[voluntās]]
+ * [[volō]]
+ * [[sponte]]
+ * [[en|voluntary]]
+ * [[en|volunteer]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}