pugno Latin · revision 7158

16 Oct 2026, 13:18 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Ennius|origins=la pugnus}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpʊŋ.noː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpuɲ.ɲo]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''pugnō''' (present infinitive pugnāre, perfect active pugnāvī, supine pugnātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[pugnus]] “fist” with the verb suffix [[-ō]], not from [[pugna]] “battle”, as the TLL argues, since its first sense is to strike with the fists.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) Lewis and Short relate it to a root ⟨pug-⟩ “to thrust”, as in [[pugil]] and [[pungō]].^(Lewis & Short 1879) An old inscription has the gerund ⟨pucnandōd⟩.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Ennius, of fighting in battle.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant to fight in battle, with the adversary in a prepositional phrase or dative, as in Cato, and with an instrumental ablative, as in Caesar.^(OLD 2012) In other contexts it meant to fight, of animals too, and of gladiators and boxers, as in Juvenal.^(OLD 2012) It meant to struggle against a force, of natural forces to clash, as in Lucretius, and of persons to contend in word or action, in a law court or argument, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012) In Ovid it meant to strive to do something, and of statements to be contradictory.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''pugnāre'' and ''cōnflīgere'' mean to settle a quarrel by force, generally in a mass battle, ''dīmicāre'' by arms.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to fight, do battle.^(Stelten 1995) Its adjective ''pugnāx'' is the source of [[en|pugnacious]].^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of battle.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it with the adversary.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of fighting outside war.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of contending in argument.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To [[m|en|fight]] in battle.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To fight; to box.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To struggle against.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Of forces or feelings, to clash.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To contend, dispute.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To strive to.^(OLD 2012)
+ # To be contradictory.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[appugnō]]
+ * [[compugnō]]
+ * [[dēpugnō]]
+ * [[expugnō]]
+ * [[impugnō]]
+ * [[oppugnō]]
+ * [[prōpugnō]]
+ * [[pugna]]
+ * [[pugnāculum]]
+ * [[pugnātor]]
+ * [[pugnātōrius]]
+ * [[pūgnātrīx]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[pugnācitās]]
+ * [[pugnāciter]]
+ * [[pugneus]]
+ * [[pugnicula]]
+ * [[pugnitus]]
+ * [[pugnus]]
+ * [[pungō]]
+ * [[pugil]]
+ * [[en|pugnacious]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}