tempestas Latin · revision 7113

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Law of the Twelve Tables|origins=la tempus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [tɛmˈpɛs.taːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [temˈpɛs.tas]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tempestās''' ''f'' (genitive tempestātis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from an older *tempos, *tempes- (whence [[tempus]] “time”) with the suffix [[-tās]].^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) A collateral form ⟨tempestūs⟩, ⟨-ūtis⟩ is reported, and the genitive plural is often ⟨tempestātium⟩.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) Isidore says it means either “time” or a state of the sky lasting many days.^(Isidore)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is the Law of the Twelve Tables, which he dates about 450 BC, and Gaffiot cites it from Gellius for the sense “a space of time”.^(Köbler 2010)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a period of time, season, occasion, as ''eā tempestāte'' “at that time”, a sense Cicero calls archaic.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) From Ennius it meant the weather, and in Plautus the Tempestātēs were personified as deities.^(OLD 2012) Its commonest sense was bad weather, a storm, and figuratively a violent disturbance in personal or political life, both from Plautus onwards, and in Virgil a storm of battle.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''procella'' is a mere squall, ''tempestās'' a complete storm, generally with thunder and lightning, rain or hail.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant a storm, tempest.^(Stelten 1995) Through Vulgar Latin and Old French ''tempeste'' it gave [[en|tempest]] in the late 13th century.^(Etymonline) It survives in Italian ''tempesta'', French ''tempête'' and Spanish ''tempestad''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Law of the Twelve Tables uses it of time.^(Köbler 2010)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a storm.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of the weather.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a storm of battle.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 13th century – English ''tempest'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A period of time, season, ''eā tempestāte'', at that time.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The weather, ''Tempestātēs'', the weather deities.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A storm, [[m|en|tempest]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # A violent disturbance, upheaval.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A storm of battle; a violent illness.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[tempestīvus]]

+ * [[tempestuōsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tempus]]

+ * [[procella]]

+ * [[en|tempest]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}