sanctus Latin · revision 7080

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Livius Andronicus|origins=ine-pro *seh₂k-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsaːŋk.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsaŋk.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sānctus''' (feminine sāncta, neuter sānctum, comparative sānctior, superlative sānctissimus); first/second-declension participle^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the perfect participle of [[sanciō]] “to make sacred, ratify”, from Proto-Italic *sanktos, participle of *sankjō “to consecrate”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) An inscription has the participle ⟨sancītō⟩.^(OLD 2012) Köbler compares a PIE root *sak- “to sanctify”, and Döderlein connected it with [[grc|ἁγνός|tr=hagnós|t=pure]].^(Köbler 2010)^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Livius Andronicus, of a holy god, and Ennius uses it of sacrosanct laws and holy things.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Livius Andronicus 280/260–before 200 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant secured by religious sanction, inviolable, of laws, persons in office such as tribunes, places and oaths, and Ulpian gives a legal definition of it.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant holy, sacred, of things under divine protection, and of gods holy, blessed, as in Livius Andronicus, of poets and prophets, the dead, parents, and the senate.^(OLD 2012) From Cicero it meant morally upright, blameless, virtuous, and in Quintilian of style pure, chaste.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''sacer'' is what belongs to the gods, ''sānctus'' what is under their protection.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant holy, saintly, godly, and as a noun a canonized saint, ''Sānctus'' is also the hymn of the Mass.^(Stelten 1995) It passed through Old French ''saint'' into [[en|saint]] in the early 12th century, and ''Sanctus'' itself, the angelic hymn, is recorded in English in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline) It survives in Italian ''santo'' and Romanian ''sfânt''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 280/260–before 200 BC – Livius Andronicus uses it of a god.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of sacrosanct laws.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the morally upright.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 12th century – English ''saint'' is recorded, through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Sacrosanct, [[m|en|inviolable]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Holy, [[m|en|sacred]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Of gods, holy, blessed; of poets, the dead, parents, venerable.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Upright, blameless, virtuous; of style, pure.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' Saintly; as a noun, a [[m|en|saint]].^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sānctificātiō]]

+ * [[sānctificō]]

+ * [[sānctimōnia]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sanciō]]

+ * [[sacer]]

+ * [[en|saint]]

+ * [[en|sanctity]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}