turbidus Latin · revision 7057

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la turba}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtʊr.bɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtur.bi.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''turbidus''' (feminine turbida, neuter turbidum, comparative turbidior, superlative turbidissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[turba]] “turmoil, crowd” with the suffix [[-idus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of stormy weather, as ''turbida tempestās heri fuit'' “there was a wild storm yesterday”, and Accius, of the sea.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler's first source is Virgil; he dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant violently agitated, of the sea and storms, wild, stormy, of weather, and in Ovid dishevelled hair.^(OLD 2012) Of water it meant muddy, turbid, as in Cicero, and of air murky, of gems clouded.^(OLD 2012) It meant gloomy in expression, as in Virgil, and of times and conditions in turmoil, confused, as early as Ennius, and of sleep disturbed.^(OLD 2012) Of persons it meant wild, frantic, confused in mind, and in Tacitus unruly, mutinous.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant confused, wild.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''torbido'', Spanish ''turbio'' and Portuguese ''turvo''.^(Wiktionary) Late Latin ''turbidāre'' “to make turbid” and Vulgar Latin *turbulāre gave Old French ''trubler'', the source of [[en|trouble]], and [[en|turbid]] came in the 1620s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a storm.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of troubled times.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of muddy water.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of mutinous men.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1620s – English ''turbid'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Agitated, [[m|en|turbulent]]; stormy; dishevelled.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Muddy, [[m|en|turbid]]; murky; clouded.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Gloomy, frowning.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Confused, disordered; disturbed.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Wild, frantic; dazed.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Unruly, mutinous.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[inturbidus]]

+ * [[turbido]]

+ * [[turbidulus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[turba]]

+ * [[turbō]]

+ * [[en|turbid]]

+ * [[en|trouble]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}