rivalis Latin · revision 702

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [riːˈwaː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [riˈvaː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rīvālis''' ''m'' (genitive rīvālis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[rivus|alt=rīvus]] “brook, channel” with the suffix [[m|la|-ālis]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''Rīvus'' goes back to [[itc-pro|*rīwo-|t=stream]], from [[ine-pro|*h₃riH-wo-|t=whirling]].^(de Vaan 2008) The noun first meant someone who shares a stream or water channel with another, and the sense “rival” is thought to come from the competition of such neighbours.^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Naevius onwards,^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010) and in Plautus fathers become their sons' [[m|en|rival|alt=rivals]] in a brothel.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The legal sense of a person who shares the use of a stream or water channel appears in Aulus Gellius and the jurists, who define ''rivales'' as those who draw water through the same channel.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In comedy and elegy, however, the word meant a rival in love, someone who has the same mistress, as in Plautus' ''rivales sumus'' “we are rivals”.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Cicero and Horace use the phrase ''se amare sine rivali'' “to love oneself without a rival”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Columella applies it to rival animals.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ The adjective ''rīvālis'' meant “of a brook”, as of fish in Columella.^(OLD 2012) English borrowed the noun as [[en|rival]] in the 1570s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of rivals in love.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero mocks a man who loves himself without a rival.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 165 AD – Aulus Gellius uses it for neighbours sharing a water channel.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1570s – English borrows it as [[en|rival]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A person who shares a stream or water channel with another.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A [[m|en|rival]], especially in love.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of a brook (of fish).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rīvus]]

+ * [[rīvālitās]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|rival]]

+ * [[en|derive]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}