villa Latin · revision 698

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈwiːl.la]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈvil.la]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vīlla''' ''f'' (genitive vīllae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It probably goes back to *vīc-sla, a derivative of [[vicus|alt=vīcus]] “row of houses, village”, from [[ine-pro|*weyḱ-|t=settlement, clan]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Wiktionary reconstructs [[itc-pro|*weikslā]] with the suffix *-slo-, as in [[palus|alt=pālus]] and [[velum|alt=vēlum]].^(Wiktionary) Varro gives [[m|la|vella]] as the rustic pronunciation.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Georges mentions a derivation from [[veho|alt=vehere]], and Lewis and Short a diminutive of ''vīcus''.^(Georges 1913)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ The root is shared with [[sa|विश्|tr=víś-|t=dwelling, settlement]] and [[grc|οἶκος|tr=oîkos|t=house]].^(Pokorny 1959)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus onwards,^(Köbler 2010) in whom a master sends a slave to the [[m|en|farmhouse]] to hand over rakes to the farm manager.^(OLD 2012)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant the dwelling and farm buildings forming the centre of a country estate, and later also a large country residence.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Cato advises building the villa so that it does not have to look for a farm, and writers distinguished the ''villa urbana'' for the owner's residence from the ''villa rustica'' for farm use.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) The ''Villa Publica'' in the Campus Martius served for the census, the levy and lodging foreign envoys.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

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+ In medieval Latin it meant a homestead, an estate, a village or township with its lands, and a royal residence,^(Niermeyer 1976) and in French it became ''ville'' “town”.^(Wiktionary) English took [[en|villa]] from Italian in the 1610s, while its derivative ''villanus'' gave [[en|villain]] and [[en|village]] came through French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it for a farmhouse.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato gives rules for building a villa.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro distinguishes ''villa urbana'' and ''villa rustica''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy mentions the census in the Villa Publica.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * Middle Ages – It means a village or township.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ * 1610s – English borrows it from Italian as [[en|villa]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A farmhouse, a country estate; a country house, [[m|en|villa]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''villa publica'': a public building in the Campus Martius.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A homestead; an estate; a [[m|en|village]], township; a royal residence.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[vīlicus]]

+ * [[vīllānus]]

+ * [[vīllāris]]

+ * [[vīllāticus]]

+ * [[vīllula]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vīcus]]

+ * [[en|villa]]

+ * [[en|villain]]

+ * [[en|village]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}