chill English · revision 6979

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 825|origins=gem-pro *kali-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /tʃɪl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The noun is Middle English chele, chile, [[inh|ang|ċiele|t=cold, coolness, frost]] (Anglian cele),^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) from Proto-Germanic *kaliz, related to [[cold]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(NODE 1998) from PIE [[ine-pro|*gel-|t=cold; to freeze]].^(Etymonline) The verb, which Hoad calls the earliest of the group, may represent an Old English *ċieldan from the same base as cold.^(Hoad 1986) In modern use the noun is perhaps a back-formation from the verb.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Cold, frost, the sensation of cold: about 825 in the OED.^(OED 1989) The verb, to grow cold, is from about 1378, in ''Piers Plowman''.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The verb, to make cold, is from about 1400, and to discourage or dispirit is late 14th-century.^(Etymonline) A coldness of the body, as in fever, is from 1601,^(OED 1989) and a coldness of the air from 1788.^(OED 1989) A depressing influence on the feelings is from 1821; in Middle English the figurative sense was suffering or misfortune.^(Etymonline) The adjective, unpleasantly cold, is from the 16th century and now literary.^(Hoad 1986)^(SOED 2002) [[chilly|alt=Chilly]] is from 1570.^(Barnhart 1988) In slang, ''chill out'', relax, is recorded by 1979, and ''chill'', to hang out, by 1985.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 825 – cold, frost.^(OED 1989)

+ * c. 1378 – to grow cold.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1570 – chilly.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1601 – a feverish chill.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1821 – a depressing influence.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1979 – chill out.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An unpleasant feeling of [[cold]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # A feverish cold with shivering.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # A coolness of manner or atmosphere; a depressing influence.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make or become cold.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To cool food or drink, as in a refrigerator.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To frighten or dispirit.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # ''(slang, often with out)'' To relax; to calm down.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Unpleasantly cold.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[chillingly]]

+ * [[chillness]]

+ * [[chilly]]

+ * [[chilblain]]

+ * [[windchill]]

+ * [[chiller]]

+ * [[chilling]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cold]]

+ * [[cool]]

+ * [[gelid]]

+ * [[congeal]]

+ * [[jelly]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}