offendo Latin · revision 6961

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *gʷʰen-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɔfˈfɛn.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ofˈfɛn.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''offendō''' (present infinitive offendere, perfect active offendī, supine offēnsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[ob-]] “against” and a verb *fendō “to strike”, also in [[dēfendō]], from Proto-Italic *fendō, from [[ine-pro|*gʷʰen-|t=to strike, kill]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Ennius, of coming upon someone, and Plautus, of striking against something.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to strike against, bump into, as Quintilian's striking one's head on an arch, to knock a part of the body, and to strike someone a blow.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Intransitively it meant to strike against something, stumble, of a ship to run aground, and to meet with a setback, as in Varro.^(OLD 2012) It meant to come upon, find, as in Ennius and Plautus, and to find something amiss.^(OLD 2012) It meant to cause pain or discomfort, to harm, and to break a rule, offend against a person or law, and in Cicero and later to give offence, displease, annoy, and in the passive to take offence.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''laedere'' is a physical injury, ''violāre'' an injury to rights, ''offendere'' an injury to feelings.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to err, offend, stumble, strike against.^(Stelten 1995) [[en|offend]] came in the early 14th century, first meaning to sin against someone, and [[en|offense]] from its derivative ''offēnsa''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of coming upon.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of striking against.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of giving offence.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 14th century – English ''offend'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To strike against, bump into; to knock; to strike.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To stumble; of a ship, to run aground; to meet with a setback.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To come upon, find; to find amiss.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To trouble, hurt; to harm, spoil.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To err; to offend against, violate.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To give [[m|en|offence]], displease, annoy, ''(passive)'' to take offence.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[inoffēnsus]]

+ * [[offendiculum]]

+ * [[offendimentum]]

+ * [[offēnsa]]

+ * [[offensibilis]]

+ * [[offēnsiō]]

+ * [[offēnsō]]

+ * [[offensor]]

+ * [[offēnsus]]

+ * [[suboffendō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dēfendō]]

+ * [[laedō]]

+ * [[violō]]

+ * [[en|offend]]

+ * [[en|offense]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Afranius, quoted by Nonius, has a rare noun ''offendō, -inis'' “an offence”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}