clandestinus Latin · revision 696
10 Oct 2026, 06:03 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [kɫan.dɛsˈtiː.nʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [klan.desˈtiː.nus]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''clandestīnus''' (feminine clandestīna, neuter clandestīnum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is formed from [[clam]] “secretly”: de Vaan takes it to presuppose an earlier adverb *clam-de, like [[m|la|quande]], to which the suffix [[m|la|-stīnus]] was added, as in [[intestinus|alt=intestīnus]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) The TLL considers the formation unclear, and the grammarian Velius Longus explains the ''n'' as standing for the ''m'' of ''clam''.^(TLL) Georges and Lewis and Short proposed other analyses.^(Georges 1913)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Köbler dates it from the Twelve Tables,^(Köbler 2010) and it is found in Plautus, who speaks of a [[m|en|secret]] marriage.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant done or arranged in secret, as of a secret suspicion or marriage in Plautus, hidden processes of nature in Lucretius, and secret meetings with the enemy in Cicero.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Caesar uses it of secret messages and embassies, Livy of secret pacts, and Tacitus of secret gatherings.^(Lewis & Short 1879) It also meant acting in secret, as of an enemy moving unseen within the walls.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ An adverb ''clandestino'' occurs in Lucilius and Plautus.^(Lewis & Short 1879) English borrowed it as [[en|clandestine]] in the 1560s.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 450 BC – Köbler dates it from the Twelve Tables.^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus speaks of a secret marriage.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of hidden motions of matter.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero condemns secret meetings with the enemy.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1560s – English borrows it as [[en|clandestine]].^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # [[m|en|secret|alt=Secret]], hidden, [[m|en|clandestine]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # Acting in secret.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[clam]]
+ * [[en|clandestine]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}