impero Latin · revision 6946

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la parō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɪm.pɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈim.pe.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''imperō''' (present infinitive imperāre, perfect active imperāvī, supine imperātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[in-]] and [[parō]] “to prepare, arrange”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) The TLL compares Paelignian ⟨empratois⟩ “ordered”.^(TLL) It is also spelled ⟨inperō⟩, and old forms include ⟨imperāssit⟩ in Cicero's archaic laws and ⟨indu-perantum⟩ for ⟨imperantium⟩ in Ennius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of ordering a levy and of giving orders.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to demand the supply of something, order, levy, and to enjoin, prescribe, as Cicero's ordering a dinner.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant to give orders, command, with a dative, a subjunctive clause or an infinitive, and in grammar to express a command, as in Varro.^(OLD 2012) It meant to hold power, rule, of the emperor in Tacitus, to be in command of an army, to be in authority over a household, and to control oneself or one's appetites, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''iubēre'' is to bid from one's own will, ''imperāre'' to command by supreme military authority.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to rule, command, enjoin, order.^(Stelten 1995) It was borrowed into Italian ''imperare'' and Spanish and Portuguese ''imperar'', and its agent noun ''imperātor'' is the source of [[en|emperor]].^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of levies and orders.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of the imperative in grammar.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of ruling and of self-control.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of the emperor's rule.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To demand, levy, order the supply of.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To enjoin, prescribe, ''exercitum imperāre'', to mobilize an army.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To give orders, [[m|en|command]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(grammar)'' To express a command.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To rule, hold power; of the emperor, to reign.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be in command, be in authority.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To control, master oneself or one's passions.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[imperātīvus]]

+ * [[imperātor]]

+ * [[imperātōrius]]

+ * [[imperātrīx]]

+ * [[imperātum]]

+ * [[imperatus]]

+ * [[imperitō]]

+ * [[imperium]]

+ * [[adimperō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[imperiōsus]]

+ * [[parō]]

+ * [[iubeō]]

+ * [[en|emperor]]

+ * [[en|imperative]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}