summa Latin · revision 6927

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la superus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsʊm.ma], [ˈsʊm.maː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsum.ma], [ˈsum.ma]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''summa''' ''f'' (genitive summae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the feminine of [[summus]] “highest”, the superlative of [[superus]] “upper”, used as a noun.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lucretius has an old genitive ⟨summāī⟩.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of the sum total of hopes, and Cato, of a total number.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant the total number or amount, especially in accounts, as in Terence, and a sum of money, ''summa pecūniae''.^(OLD 2012) It meant the full extent of anything, a whole, and in Lucretius ''summa rērum'' the universe.^(OLD 2012) It meant the whole as distinct from its parts, the whole issue of a case, the general matter, overall control, and ''summa rērum'' the interests of the state, as in Terence.^(OLD 2012) It meant the gist or substance of what is said, ''ad summam'' “in short”, as in Cicero, and the crowning stage, completion.^(OLD 2012) Lewis and Short and Gaffiot also give the highest place, as Cicero's ''summam ōrdinis''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant summit, perfection, sum, summary, the main thing, and in scholastic use a ''summa'' was a work treating a whole subject in order.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it of a textbook or compendium.^(Niermeyer 1976) It passed through Old French ''summe'' into [[en|sum]] about 1300, and gave [[en|summary]] through ''summārium''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of the sum of hopes.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of a total.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses ''summa rērum'' of the universe.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses ''ad summam'' “in short”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''sum'' is recorded, through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The total, [[m|en|sum]]; a sum of money.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The full extent; a whole, ''summa rērum'', the universe.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The whole issue; overall control, ''summa rērum'', the interests of the state.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The gist, substance, ''ad summam'', in short.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The culmination, completion.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The highest place.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A [[m|en|compendium]], textbook.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[summalis]]

+ * [[summārium]]

+ * [[summula]]

+ * [[summās]]

+ * [[summātim]]

+ * [[summātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[superus]]

+ * [[summus]]

+ * [[en|sum]]

+ * [[en|summary]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}