sancio Latin · revision 6925

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *seh₂k-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈsaŋ.ki.oː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈsan̠ʲ.t͡ʃi.o]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sanciō''' (present infinitive sancīre, perfect active sānxī, supine sānctum); fourth conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*sankiō]], from [[ine-pro|*seh₂k-|t=to sanctify, make a treaty]].^(Wiktionary) The OLD compares [[sacer]] “sacred”, and Gaffiot also the god's name [[Sancus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Old forms include a perfect ⟨sancīvērunt⟩ in Fronto and a participle ⟨sancītus⟩ in Lucretius.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of confirming a practice.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Gaffiot defines its basic sense as making inviolable by a religious act.^(Gaffiot 2016) From Cicero it meant to ratify solemnly, confirm laws or agreements, to confirm someone in a status, to enact a law, and to ordain by law.^(OLD 2012) It meant to sanction a practice, to fulfil a prophecy, and with an ablative of the penalty to make an offence punishable, as Cicero's laws.^(OLD 2012) It also meant to consecrate, dedicate.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein explains that ''sacer'' is what belongs to the gods, while ''sānctus'', its participle, is what is under their protection and so inviolable.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to make sacred, appoint, ordain, sanction, ratify.^(Stelten 1995) Its noun ''sānctiō'' “decree” gave [[en|sanction]] in the 1560s, and its participle ''sānctus'' is the source of [[en|saint]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of confirming a practice.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius has the participle ''sancītus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of ratifying and enacting laws.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1560s – English ''sanction'' is recorded, from ''sānctiō''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|ratify]] solemnly, confirm; to confirm in a status.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To enact a law; to ordain by law.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To [[m|en|sanction]] a practice; to fulfil a prophecy.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To make punishable by law.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To consecrate, dedicate.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[insanctus]]

+ * [[persanctus]]

+ * [[sānctēscō]]

+ * [[sānctificō]]

+ * [[sanctificus]]

+ * [[sānctiloquus]]

+ * [[sānctimōnia]]

+ * [[sānctiō]]

+ * [[sānctitās]]

+ * [[sānctitūdō]]

+ * [[sānctor]]

+ * [[sānctuārium]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sacer]]

+ * [[sānctus]]

+ * [[en|sanction]]

+ * [[en|saint]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}