iustitia Latin · revision 6889

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Terence|origins=la iūs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [juːsˈtɪ.ti.a]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [jusˈtit.t͡si.a]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iūstitia''' ''f'' (genitive iūstitiae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[iūstus]] “just” with the suffix [[-ia]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL) The manuscripts often write ⟨-ticia⟩, and Isidore notes that the ⟨ti⟩ was pronounced like ⟨z⟩.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is from Terence's ''Heauton timorumenos'', of the justice of the person addressed.^(OLD 2012) Köbler also starts with Terence, whom he dates 190–159 BC.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant justice, fairness, equity, and was personified as a goddess, as in Horace, who calls Fides “the sister of Justice”.^(OLD 2012) Cicero defines it as the disposition of mind that gives each his due, and the Digest as the constant and perpetual will to give each his right.^(Lewis & Short 1879) In law it could also mean the validity of reasons.^(OLD 2012) Gaffiot adds written justice, the laws, and uprightness or holiness.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant justice, righteousness and moral integrity, and in the plural precepts and judgements; theology counted it a cardinal virtue.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for the Augustinian idea of order in Christian society, for the whole of the laws in force, and for justice administered by king or court.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS) It passed through Old French ''justice'' into English, where [[m|en|justice]] is recorded from the mid-12th century.^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero defines it as giving each his due.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace personifies it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-12th century – English ''justice'' is recorded, through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|Justice]], fairness, [[m|en|equity]], also personified as a goddess.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(law)'' Validity, adequacy of reasons.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' [[m|en|Righteousness]], moral integrity, ''(plural)'' precepts, judgements.^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' The law in force; justice as administered by a king or court.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[iūs]]

+ * [[iūstus]]

+ * [[iniūstitia]]

+ * [[en|justice]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}