facies Latin · revision 6872

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Naevius|origins=la faciō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈfa.ki.eːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfaː.t͡ʃi.es]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''faciēs''' ''f'' (genitive faciēī); fifth declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[faciō]] “to make” with the suffix [[-iēs]], related to it as [[speciēs]] is to [[speciō]], so that it first meant “a make, a form”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) Köbler traces ⟨faciō⟩ to [[ine-pro|*dʰeh₁-|t=to put, set]].^(Köbler 2010) Old forms include a nominative ⟨facēs⟩ reported by Paulus' epitome of Festus, a genitive ⟨faciī⟩ in Quadrigarius and a genitive plural ⟨faciērum⟩ in Cato.^(OLD 2012) Isidore says it is named from ⟨effigiēs⟩, since the whole figure of a man is seen there.^(Isidore)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Naevius, whom he dates c. 235–200 BC.^(Köbler 2010) The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of the outward appearance of people and things.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant first outward appearance, look, of people or animals, then the appearance or aspect of a thing, a situation or an event, as in Sallust, and characteristic form or style.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It meant a form seen in a dream or vision, a sight or spectacle, as in Ovid, shape or outline, and good looks or an imposing appearance.^(OLD 2012) From Lucretius onwards it meant the face, countenance, and in Cicero a facial expression, and Pliny uses it of the surface of a thing.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein notes that ''faciēs'' and ''oculī'' are the face and eyes in a purely physical sense, while ''ōs'' and ''vultus'' carry a moral reference.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant face, appearance, form, countenance.^(Stelten 1995) In Medieval Latin it was also a heraldic term for the field of a shield.^(Niermeyer 1976) A Vulgar Latin *facia gave Italian ''faccia'' and Old French ''face'', the source of [[en|face]] about 1300, while [[en|facies]] is a later learned borrowing.^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius has the word.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of outward appearance.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of the face.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''face'' is recorded, through Old French.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Outward [[m|en|appearance]], looks.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The aspect, look of a thing or situation, ''(astrology)'' the aspect of the stars.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Characteristic form, style.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A form, figure, especially one seen in a dream; a sight, spectacle.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Shape, outline.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Good looks, beauty; an imposing appearance.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The [[m|en|face]], countenance; facial expression.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The [[m|en|surface]] of a thing.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin, heraldry)'' The field of a shield.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[facia]]

+ * [[facitergium]]

+ * [[superficiēs]]

+ * [[bonifaciēs]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[faciō]]

+ * [[speciēs]]

+ * [[vultus]]

+ * [[en|face]]

+ * [[en|facies]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}