gallina Latin · revision 6867
16 Oct 2026, 12:43 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la gallus}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ɡalˈliː.na]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ɡalˈliː.na]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''gallīna''' ''f'' (genitive gallīnae); first declension^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[gallus]] “cock” with the suffix [[-īna]], as [[rēgīna]] from [[rēx]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(TLL) Isidore says that as ⟨leaena⟩ comes from ⟨leō⟩, so ⟨gallīna⟩ from ⟨gallus⟩.^(TLL)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Köbler's first source is Plautus, whom he dates c. 250–184 BC, and Lewis and Short cite Plautus' ''Pseudolus''.^(Köbler 2010)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant a hen, as in Varro, Columella and Cicero, and ''gallīna Āfricāna'' or ''Numidica'' was the guinea fowl.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Plautus uses it as a term of endearment, and Juvenal's ''gallīnae fīlius albae'' “son of a white hen” meant a lucky man.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) It was also the name of a gladiator in Horace.^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant a hen.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin called the Pleiades ''gallīna pucināria'' “hen and chickens”.^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian, Spanish and Catalan ''gallina'', Portuguese ''galinha'', Romanian ''găină'' and Old French ''geline''.^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus has the word.^(Köbler 2010)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ * 116–27 BC – Varro describes the guinea fowl, ''gallīna Āfricāna''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of hens.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A [[m|en|hen]], ''gallīna Āfricāna'', ''gallīna Numidica'', a [[m|en|guinea fowl]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # A term of endearment.^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[gallīnāceus]]
+ * [[gallīnārius]]
+ * [[gallīnula]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[gallus]]
+ * [[pullus]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}