humanus Latin · revision 6843

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Ennius}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [huːˈmaː.nʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [uˈmaː.nus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hūmānus''' (feminine hūmāna, neuter hūmānum, comparative hūmānior, superlative hūmānissimus, adverb hūmānē or hūmāniter); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is related to [[homō]] “human being”, though the exact formation is unclear.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''Homō'' goes back to [[ine-pro|*dʰǵʰm-ōn|t=earthling]], from the word for earth, and Wiktionary suggests ''hūmānus'' may come from a form *hūm- “earth”, as in [[humus]], with the suffix -ānus.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Festus reports an old form [[m|la|hemōna]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Ennius.^(Köbler 2010) The OLD also cites Plautus, whose prologue speaks of a god born of a human mother.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC and Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant human, of or belonging to people, and as a neuter plural ''hūmāna'' human affairs; it was opposed to divine, as Cicero's plan given not by human counsel but almost divinely.^(OLD 2012) It described the conditions and behaviour proper to human beings, as Plautus' saying that to love is human and to forgive is human too.^(OLD 2012) It also meant civilized, refined, and morally worthy of humanity, kindly, considerate, as Plautus' man of humane character.^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it meant human as opposed to animal, divine or diabolical, and in Poland also generous, hospitable or educated.^(DMLBS)^(eLexicon Polonorum) [[en|human]] came through Old French ''humain'' in the mid-15th century, and [[en|humane]] is a variant of the same word.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a human mother and human forgiveness.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero opposes human to divine counsel.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-15th century – English ''human'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Human]], (neuter plural) human affairs.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Human (as opposed to divine).^(OLD 2012)

+ # Proper to human beings.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|Civilized]], refined.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Kindly, [[m|en|humane]], considerate.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hūmānitās]]

+ * [[hūmānitus]]

+ * [[inhūmānus]]

+ * [[perhūmānus]]

+ * [[hūmānē]]

+ * [[hūmāniter]]

+ * [[hūmānō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[homō]]

+ * [[humus]]

+ * [[en|human]]

+ * [[en|humane]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}