contumax Latin · revision 6805

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=Rhetorica ad Herennium}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkɔn.tʊ.maːks]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkɔn.tu.maks]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''contumāx''' (genitive contumācis, comparative contumācior, adverb contumāciter); third-declension one-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin was disputed already in antiquity: some linked it with [[tumeō]] “to swell”, others with [[contemnō]] “to despise”.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives it from a verb *con-tumeō “to be proud”, also presupposed by [[contumēlia]] “insult”, though [[percontumāx]] is attested earlier.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is the Rhetorica ad Herennium, which speaks of one stubborn towards his superiors.^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) De Vaan dates it from Cicero.^(de Vaan 2008) Köbler dates the Rhetorica ad Herennium to 86/82 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant proud and unyielding, stubborn, defiant, usually in a bad sense, as Cicero's question who was more stubborn and arrogant, but Tacitus uses it of steadfast constancy.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) In law it meant wilfully disobedient to a magistrate's decree or summons, as Ulpian says of one who does not answer at all.^(OLD 2012) Of animals and things it meant refractory, resistant.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it meant defaulting, refusing to obey a judgment, and neglectful of one's duties.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS) [[en|contumacious]] comes from its stem, first about 1600.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 86/82 BC – The Rhetorica ad Herennium uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of arrogance.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 223 AD – Ulpian uses it of disobedience to a summons.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1600 – English ''contumacious'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Proud and unyielding, [[m|en|stubborn]], [[m|en|defiant]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(law)'' Wilfully disobedient to a summons, [[m|en|contumacious]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of things)'' Refractory, resistant.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Defaulting; neglectful of one's obligations.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[contumācia]]

+ * [[percontumax]]

+ * [[contumāciter]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[contumēliōsē]]

+ * [[contumēliōsus]]

+ * [[tumeō]]

+ * [[contumēlia]]

+ * [[en|contumacious]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}