collaboration English · revision 6790

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1830|origins=la laboro}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|collaboration]],^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) a noun of action from [[la|collaboro|alt=collabōrāre|t=to work with]],^(Etymonline)^(NODE 1998) from [[m|la|com-|t=with]] and [[m|la|laboro|alt=labōrāre|t=to work]] (see [[labour]]).^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ United labour, working together, especially in literature or science: 1830 in Etymonline,^(Etymonline) 1860 in the OED.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The bad sense, traitorous co-operation with an occupying enemy, is from 1940, referring first to the Vichy government of France.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) ''Collaborationist'' was used disparagingly in socialist jargon from 1922.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) A work produced jointly is also called a collaboration.^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1830 – working together.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1922 – collaborationist.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1940 – co-operation with an occupying enemy.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The act of working together with others on a joint project.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Something produced by working jointly.^(Collins 2023)

+ # Treacherous [[co-operation]] with an enemy, especially an occupying force.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[collaborationism]]

+ * [[collaborationist]]

+ * [[noncollaboration]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[collaborate]]

+ * [[collaborative]]

+ * [[collaborator]]

+ * [[labour]]

+ * [[elaborate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}