praesens Latin · revision 6696

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Twelve Tables|origins=la sum}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈprae̯.sẽːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈprɛː.s̬ens]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''praesēns''' (genitive praesentis); third-declension one-termination participle^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the present participle of [[praesum]] “to be in front, preside”, from [[prae-]] and [[sum]] “to be”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first citation is the Twelve Tables, and Köbler dates them about 450 BC.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant being in the same place, present, in person, face to face, as Cicero's praise of someone present, and as a noun a person on the spot.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Of gods it meant present to help, propitious, as in Horace; of the mind resolute, ready; and of remedies and actions effective, as in Virgil.^(OLD 2012) It also meant immediate, instant, of danger imminent, of money paid in cash, and ready to hand.^(OLD 2012) Of time it meant occurring here and now, current, and in grammar the present tense, as in Varro; the phrase ''in praesentī'' meant on the spot, now.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it also meant “this”, and the neuter plural ''praesentia'' “the present letter”.^(Niermeyer 1976) It survives in Italian and Spanish ''presente'' and French ''présent''.^(Wiktionary) Through Old French it is the source of [[en|present]] about 1300, and [[en|presence]] comes from ''praesentia'' in the mid-14th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it of being present.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of ready cash.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of the present tense.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''present'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|Present]], in person, face to face.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of gods)'' Present to help, propitious.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of the mind)'' Resolute, ready.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Effective, efficacious.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Immediate, instant; [[m|en|imminent]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(of money)'' Paid in cash.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Current, of the present time, ''(grammar)'' present.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' This.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[praesentālis]]

+ * [[praesentāneus]]

+ * [[praesentārius]]

+ * [[praesentia]]

+ * [[praesentō]]

+ * [[repraesentō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[praesum]]

+ * [[en|present]]

+ * [[en|presence]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}