violentus Latin · revision 6694
16 Oct 2026, 12:32 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)”
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+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la vīs}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [wi.ɔˈɫɛn.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [vi.oˈlɛn.tus]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''violentus''' (feminine violenta, neuter violentum, superlative violentissimus, adverb violenter); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is apparently from [[violō]] “to treat with violence” with the suffix [[-entus|t=full of]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) Lewis and Short and Köbler connect it with [[vīs]] “force”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's first citations are from Plautus, of violent persons and actions.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ Of persons and animals it meant acting with force towards others, violent, savage, as Terence's very violent brother and Cicero's Antony, “violent and raging”, and of tyrants despotic.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Of actions and words it meant marked by violence, of weapons destructive, as in Lucretius, and of natural forces moving with destructive power, as in Cicero; of a statement it meant extreme.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ In Medieval Latin it described conduct marked by harmful force.^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian and Portuguese ''violento'' and French ''violent''.^(Wiktionary) [[en|violent]] came in the mid-14th century, and [[en|violence]] from ''violentia'' in the late 13th.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of violent persons.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses the superlative of a brother.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of Antony.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * mid-14th century – English ''violent'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # [[m|en|Violent]], savage, aggressive.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Marked by violence.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(of natural forces)'' Destructive, violent.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(of a statement)'' Strong, extreme.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[violēns]]
+ * [[violentia]]
+ * [[violō]]
+ * [[vīs]]
+ * [[en|violent]]
+ * [[en|violence]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}