incolumis Latin · revision 6650
16 Oct 2026, 12:32 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ɪŋˈkɔ.ɫʊ.mɪs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [iŋˈkɔː.lu.mis]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''incolumis''' (neuter incolume); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[in-|t=not]] and an unattested *columis or *calamis “damaged”, related to [[calamitās]] “loss, damage”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Schrijver explains the vowel ⟨o⟩ instead of the expected ⟨i⟩ by the influence of a velar l.^(Wiktionary) Köbler connects it with [[ine-pro|*kelh₂-|t=to strike]].^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Köbler's first source is Plautus, and the OLD cites him for persons undamaged in position.^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant physically unharmed, uninjured, safe and sound, as in Terence and Caesar, also in good health, as in Horace, and still living, as in Tacitus.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant undamaged in power, wealth or status, of persons and of states, as Cicero's city and citizens preserved, and of abstract things unimpaired, intact.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Döderlein says [[salvus]] and [[sospes]] mean safe as opposed to killed, while ''incolumis'' and [[integer]] mean unhurt, untouched.^(Döderlein 1874)
+
+ In Medieval Latin it meant unharmed, in good health, especially in ''sānus et incolumis'', like Old French ''sain et sauf''.^(DMLBS) Italian ''incolume'' and Spanish ''incólume'' are learned borrowings.^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of persons unharmed in position.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of physical safety.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the city and citizens preserved.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # Unharmed, [[m|en|safe]] and sound.^(OLD 2012)
+ # In good health; still living.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Undamaged in position or power.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Unimpaired, [[m|en|intact]].^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[incolumitās]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[calamitās]]
+ * [[salvus]]
+ * [[sospes]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}