rude English · revision 6648

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1280|origins=la rudis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɹuːd/ ''(UK)''; /ɹud/ ''(US)''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is Middle English reud, rude, [[bor|fro|rude]] and directly [[bor|la|rudis|t=rough, crude, unwrought, uncultivated]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986)^(MWU 2024) of uncertain origin, related to [[m|la|rūdus|t=rubble, broken stone]].^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(NODE 1998) Hoad and NODE note that rudis was first a craftsman's term for unworked material.^(Hoad 1986)^(NODE 1998) De Vaan, quoted by Etymonline, rejects the usual link with [[m|la|rūfus|t=red]] through the idea of raw meat.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Coarse, rough, unfinished, of a surface or a board: about 1280 in Barnhart, the late 13th century in Etymonline.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of a writer or writing, artless or simple, it is from before 1325.^(Barnhart 1988) Ill-mannered and uncultured, and uneducated or ignorant, are from the mid-14th century, as is violent or rough of actions.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989) Of low birth, common or humble, is from the late 14th century.^(Etymonline) Discourteous, contrary to politeness, is perhaps late 14th-century but certainly established by the 16th, and hard to separate from unrefined.^(Etymonline) Word Origins notes that the main sense for children today, referring to sex in an embarrassing way, is recorded only from the early 1910s.^(Cresswell 2021)^(Collins 2023) A ''rude awakening'' is from 1895,^(Etymonline) and the Jamaican ''rude boy'', a lawless urban youth, from the 1960s (1967).^(Etymonline)^(Cresswell 2021)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1280 – rough, of a board.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * before 1325 – artless, simple.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * mid-14th century – ill-mannered; ignorant.^(Etymonline)

+ * late 14th century – of low birth.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1895 – a rude awakening.^(Etymonline)

+ * early 1910s – indecent.^(Cresswell 2021)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[impolite|alt=Impolite]] or [[discourteous]]; offensive in manner.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Vulgar or [[indecent]]: ''a rude joke''.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Sudden and unpleasant: ''a rude shock''.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Roughly made; [[primitive]] or [[crude]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # ''(archaic)'' Uneducated or unsophisticated.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # ''(chiefly British)'' Vigorous: ''in rude health''.^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rudely]]

+ * [[rudeness]]

+ * [[overrude]]

+ * [[unrude]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rudiment]]

+ * [[rudimentary]]

+ * [[erudition]]

+ * [[erudite]]

+ * [[crude]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}