Iuppiter Latin · revision 6638

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=Naevius|origins=ine-pro *dyḗws, ine-pro *ph₂tḗr}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈjʊp.pɪ.tɛr]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈjup.pi.ter]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Iuppiter''' ''m'' (genitive Iovis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ The spelling ''Iūpiter'' also occurs, and Ennius has a nominative ''Iovis''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The nominative comes from a vocative phrase meaning “father Jove”, [[itc-pro|*djous patēr]], from [[ine-pro|*dyḗws|t=sky, the bright one]] and [[ine-pro|*ph₂tḗr|t=father]].^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline) The double ⟨pp⟩ of ''Iuppiter'' beside ⟨Iūpiter⟩ shifts the length from the vowel to the consonant.^(Wiktionary)^(Lewis & Short 1879) The oblique cases in ⟨Iov-⟩ continue the inflection of *dyḗws, and [[diēs]] “day” and [[deus]] “god” are related.^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) Cognate with [[xum|iupater]], [[sa|द्यौष्पितृ|tr=dyáuṣ-pitṛ́]] and [[grc|Ζεῦ πάτερ|tr=Zeû páter|t=O father Zeus]].^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first citation is Naevius.^(OLD 2012) Köbler's first source is Ennius, who also has an old nominative ''Iovis''.^(Köbler 2010)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Naevius c. 235–200 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It was the name of Jupiter, the Italian sky god identified with Zeus, worshipped under many cult titles, also identified with foreign gods, as in Caesar, and used by philosophers of the supreme being.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) ''Per Iovem lapidem iūrāre'' was a solemn form of oath.^(OLD 2012) Since the god was the weather, poets used it of the sky or air, as Ennius and Horace's ''sub Iove'' “under the open sky”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It was the planet Jupiter, ''Iovis āles'' was the eagle, and it was an exclamation, as in Plautus.^(OLD 2012) ''Iuppiter Stygius'' was Pluto, and flatterers used ''Iuppiter noster'' of the emperor, as in Martial.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It may survive in Italian ''Giove''.^(Wiktionary) [[en|Jupiter]] was borrowed about 1200, and [[en|Jove]] from the stem ''Iovis'' in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline) [[en|jovial]] came in the 1580s through French and Italian from Late Latin ''Ioviālis'' “of Jupiter”, first meaning “under the influence of the planet Jupiter”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it of the god.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of the sky.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it as an exclamation.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1200 – English ''Jupiter'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Proper noun===

+ # [[m|en|Jupiter]], the Italian sky god, identified with Zeus.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(poetic)'' The sky, the air, the weather.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # The planet Jupiter.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(exclamation)'' By Jupiter!^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''Iuppiter Stygius'', Pluto.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ioviālis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Diespiter]]

+ * [[Diovis]]

+ * [[diēs]]

+ * [[deus]]

+ * [[pater]]

+ * [[en|Jupiter]]

+ * [[en|Jove]]

+ * [[en|jovial]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}