horridus Latin · revision 6511
16 Oct 2026, 10:17 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *ǵʰers-}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈhɔr.rɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɔr.ri.dus]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''horridus''' (feminine horrida, neuter horridum, comparative horridior); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[horreō]] “to bristle, shudder” with the suffix [[-idus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) ''Horreō'' goes back to [[ine-pro|*ǵʰers-|t=to bristle]].^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Köbler's first source is Ennius, whom the OLD cites for rough terrain and for dreadful things.^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant bristly, rough, prickly, as Cicero's rough beard of old statues and Virgil's wood bristling with thickets, of the sea choppy, and harsh to the senses.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of land it meant wild, rugged, of people unkempt, as in Plautus, rough in manner, of speech and art unpolished, and harsh, severe.^(OLD 2012) It also meant causing horror, dreadful, as of war in Lucretius, and shivering with cold or trembling with fear.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein says ''horridus'' is the general word for what is rough from lack of shaping, [[hirtus]] and [[hirsūtus]] for what is covered with rough hair.^(Döderlein 1874)
+
+ In Medieval Latin it meant bristling, spiky, and of the sea choppy.^(DMLBS) Through Old French ''ord'' “filthy” it gave [[en|ordure]] in the late 14th century, and [[en|horrid]] was borrowed in the early 15th century, first meaning “bristling”.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of rough land and dreadful things.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of unkempt people.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a rough beard.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * early 15th century – English ''horrid'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # Bristly, rough, prickly, (of the sea) choppy.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(of land)'' Wild, rugged.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Unkempt, dishevelled.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Rough in manner, uncouth; unpolished.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Harsh, grim.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Dreadful, [[m|en|horrible]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # Shivering; trembling.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[horridulus]]
+ * [[subhorridus]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[horrendē]]
+ * [[horrendus]]
+ * [[horrentia]]
+ * [[horreō]]
+ * [[horribilis]]
+ * [[horribiliter]]
+ * [[horricomis]]
+ * [[horror]]
+ * [[hirtus]]
+ * [[en|horrid]]
+ * [[en|ordure]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}