iugum Latin · revision 6479

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *yugóm}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈjʊ.ɡũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈjuː.ɡum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iugum''' ''n'' (genitive iugī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*jugom]], [[inh|ine-pro|*yugóm|t=yoke]], from the root [[ine-pro|*yewg-|t=to yoke, join]] of [[iungō]].^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)^(Etymonline) Cognate with [[sa|युग|tr=yugá|t=yoke]], [[grc|ζυγόν|tr=zugón|t=yoke]], [[got|𐌾𐌿𐌺|tr=juk|t=yoke]] and [[en|yoke]].^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Ennius, whom he dates 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010) The OLD's first citations for the yoke are from Cato.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a yoke for oxen or a collar for horses, as in Cato and Cicero, and a frame for carrying baskets.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively it meant the yoke of slavery or subjection, as ''iugum accipere'' “to submit”, and of friendship or marriage.^(OLD 2012) It meant a pair of draught animals, a team, a chariot, and a day's ploughing as a land measure.^(OLD 2012) The ''iugum'' of two spears with a third across, under which a beaten army had to pass, appears in Livy.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It also meant a crossbeam, a rowers' bench, as in Virgil, the constellation Libra, and a mountain ridge, as in Accius and Caesar.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein says [[mōns]] is a mountain by its height, ''iugum'' by its length and breadth, its ridge.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant a yoke, bond, slavery.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''giogo'', French ''joug'' and Romanian ''jug''.^(Wiktionary) [[en|yoke]] itself is the inherited Old English cognate.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of a yoke and of a team.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius uses it of a ridge.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of the yoke of defeat.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|yoke]]; a horse collar.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(figurative)'' The yoke of subjection; the bond of marriage.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A team, pair; a chariot.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A day's ploughing (a land measure).^(OLD 2012)

+ # The yoke of spears under which the defeated passed.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A crossbeam; a rowers' bench.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(astronomy)'' Libra.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A mountain [[m|en|ridge]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bīga]]

+ * [[biiugus]]

+ * [[iugālis]]

+ * [[iugārius]]

+ * [[iugō]]

+ * [[iugōsus]]

+ * [[iugulum]]

+ * [[quadrīga]]

+ * [[quadriiugis]]

+ * [[quadriiugus]]

+ * [[trīga]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[iugātiō]]

+ * [[Iugula]]

+ * [[iugulātiō]]

+ * [[iugulātor]]

+ * [[iugulō]]

+ * [[iugūmentō]]

+ * [[iugūmentum]]

+ * [[iugus]]

+ * [[iungō]]

+ * [[versus]]

+ * [[coniunx]]

+ * [[en|yoke]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}