laboro Latin · revision 6478

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=la labor}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɫaˈboː.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [laˈbɔː.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''labōrō''' (present infinitive labōrāre, perfect active labōrāvī, supine labōrātum); first conjugation, third person-only in the passive^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[labor]] “toil” with the verbal suffix -ō.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first citations are from Plautus, of physical toil and of anxiety.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to perform physical work, toil, as Cicero's ploughmen who work for themselves, and to exert oneself, take pains, as in Terence's ''nē labōrā'' “don't trouble yourself”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant to be under strain, of troops hard pressed in battle, as in Caesar, of ships in a storm, of the moon in eclipse, and of plants.^(OLD 2012) It meant to be in trouble, to suffer from a defect, to be ill, as in Cicero, and to be anxious, as in Plautus.^(OLD 2012) Transitively it meant to work at something, as in Virgil.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to labour, toil, be wearied.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''lavorare'' “to work” and French ''labourer'' “to plough”.^(Wiktionary) Through Old French ''laborer'' it is the source of [[en|labour]] as a verb in the late 14th century, and [[en|laboratory]] comes from Medieval Latin ''labōrātōrium''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of toil and anxiety.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of ploughmen and of illness.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of troops hard pressed.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''labour'' (verb) is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|work]], toil, [[m|en|labour]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # To exert oneself, take pains.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be hard pressed; to be in distress.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To suffer (from); to be ill.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To be anxious.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To work at.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[allabōrō]]

+ * [[collabōrō]]

+ * [[dēlabōrō]]

+ * [[ēlabōrō]]

+ * [[illabōrō]]

+ * [[labōrātiō]]

+ * [[labōrātor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[labor]]

+ * [[labōriōsus]]

+ * [[en|labour]]

+ * [[en|laboratory]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}