verbum Latin · revision 645

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈwɛr.bũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈvɛr.bum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''verbum''' ''n'' (genitive verbī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*werþo-|t=word]], from [[inh|ine-pro|*werh₁-dʰh₁-o-|t=making a statement]],^(de Vaan 2008) which Hackstein analyses as a compound of [[m|ine-pro|*werh₁-|t=to say]] and [[m|ine-pro|*dʰeh₁-|t=to put]].^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan notes that it is awkward that Latin, Baltic and Germanic show different ablaut grades of the first part.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[xum|𐌖𐌄𐌓𐌚𐌀𐌋𐌄|tr=uerfale]],^(Wiktionary) [[got|𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳|tr=waurd]], [[goh|wort]], [[lt|vardas]] and [[en|word]],^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012) and from the same root [[grc|εἴρω|tr=eírō|t=to say]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Livius Andronicus.^(de Vaan 2008) In Plautus it is a [[m|en|word]], as in “one word: he's a pimp”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Besides the single word, ''verbum'' meant words used together, spoken words and discourse,^(OLD 2012) the actual wording of a text or formula, and a phrase or [[m|en|proverb]].^(OLD 2012) Set phrases include ''verbum de verbo'' “word for word”, ''verbi gratia'' “for example”^(OLD 2012) and ''verba dare'' “to give words”, that is, to deceive.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Often it stood for mere words as opposed to reality or action.^(OLD 2012) In grammar, from Varro on, it was the [[m|en|verb]], as against the noun;^(OLD 2012) in this sense it renders Greek [[grc|ῥῆμα|tr=rhêma]].^(Wiktionary)

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+ In Church Latin ''Verbum'' translates Greek [[m|grc|λόγος|tr=lógos]] as the Word, the second person of the Trinity,, as in the opening of John's Gospel in the Vulgate.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Niermeyer 1976) Medieval Latin also used it for preaching, and for a king's or bishop's command, protection or safe-conduct, a judgment, consent or a promise.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010)

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+ English took it over, through Old French ''verbe'' and directly from Latin, as [[en|verb]], at first in the sense “word”.^(Etymonline)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 280/260–before 200 BC – Livius Andronicus is the first author to use it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses ''verba dare'' for deceiving.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it for the verb as a part of speech.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses ''verbum pro verbo'' of literal translation.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 390–406 AD – The Vulgate uses ''Verbum'' for the Word of God in John's Gospel.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English borrows [[en|verb]], at first meaning a word.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|word]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(grammar)'' A [[m|en|verb]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # (plural) Words, talk, [[m|en|discourse]]; the actual wording.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A phrase or formula; a [[m|en|proverb]], saying.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Mere words, as opposed to reality or action.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' The Word, the second person of the [[m|en|Trinity]].^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' The word of God, preaching.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A royal or episcopal order; protection, safe-conduct; a judgment; a promise.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Descendants==

+ * Italian: [[m|it|verbo]], [[m|it|verba]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * French: [[m|fr|verve]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Portuguese: [[m|pt|verbo]], [[m|pt|verba]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Romanian: [[m|ro|vorbă]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Galician: [[m|gl|verbo]], [[m|gl|verba]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Sardinian: [[m|sc|belvu]], [[m|sc|berbu]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Old Spanish: [[m|osp|vierbo]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * English: [[m|en|verb]] ''(borrowed)''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[adverbium]]

+ * [[prōverbium]]

+ * [[verbālis]]

+ * [[verbātim]]

+ * [[verbōsus]]

+ * [[vēriverbium]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[adverbiālis]]

+ * [[verbōsē]]

+ * [[en|word]]

+ * [[en|verb]]

+ * [[en|verbatim]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Lewis & Short compare it with [[vox]] and [[vocabulum]].^(Lewis & Short 1879) For deceiving someone Latin said ''verba dare'', literally “to give words”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}