parma Latin · revision 6448

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|attested=Ennius}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈpar.ma], [ˈpar.maː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈpar.ma], [ˈpar.ma]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''parma''' ''f'' (genitive parmae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is uncertain.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) The OLD suggests a Gaulish word, and Wiktionary also mentions a Celtic borrowing.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Another view takes it as a back-formation from [[parmula]], dissimilated from *palmula, from [[palma]] “palm of the hand”, for a shield held in the hand.^(Wiktionary) Lewis and Short compare [[grc|πάρμη|tr=pármē]].^(Lewis & Short 1879) Isidore of Seville derived it from [[parvus]] “small”, as a light shield.^(Isidore)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Ennius, and Gaffiot cites his Annals.^(Köbler 2010)^(Gaffiot 2016) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a small, usually round shield carried by light infantry and cavalry, as in Ennius, Sallust and Livy.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) By metonymy it meant the Thracian gladiator who carried one, as in Martial, and poetically any shield.^(Gaffiot 2016) Lucretius has the old genitive ''parmāī''.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Döderlein says [[scūtum]] is a large shield covering the body, while [[clipeus]] and ''parma'' are smaller round ones.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it was a small shield, also figuratively.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius has the genitive ''parmāī''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of a small shield.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A small round [[m|en|shield]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # A Thracian gladiator, ''(poetic)'' a shield.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[parmātus]]

+ * [[parmula]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[clipeus]]

+ * [[scūtum]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Parma'' was also the town of Parma in Cisalpine Gaul, famous for its wool.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}