rupes Latin · revision 6398

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=ine-pro *Hrewp-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈruː.peːs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈruː.pes]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rūpēs''' ''f'' (genitive rūpis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably from [[rumpō]] “to break”, from [[ine-pro|*Hrewp-(e)h₁-s|t=cliff]], from the root [[ine-pro|*Hrewp-|t=to break]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) A byform ⟨rūpa⟩ appears in Apuleius and glosses.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Cicero, whom he dates 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant a steep rocky cliff, crag, rock face, as Caesar's men coming down from great rocks onto a plain, a hollow rock or cave, as in Virgil, and a rocky defile.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016) Döderlein says [[saxum]], ''rūpēs'' and ''cautēs'' are large masses of rock, [[lapis]] a smaller stone.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it meant a castle, and in British sources a rock, a sea cliff, and an element in place-names and surnames.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS) It survives in Italian and Spanish ''rupe''.^(Wiktionary) [[en|rupes]] is a borrowing.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of great rocks.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a cave.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|cliff]], crag, rock.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A cave; a rocky defile.^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A castle.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rupex]]

+ * [[rūpicapra]]

+ * [[rūpīna]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rumpō]]

+ * [[saxum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}