tempero Latin · revision 6394

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Ennius|origins=la tempus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtɛm.pɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtɛm.pe.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''temperō''' (present infinitive temperāre, perfect active temperāvī, supine temperātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a denominative verb from the oblique stem of an older [[itc-pro|*tempos, *tempes-]], whence [[tempus]] “time, due measure”.^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Etymonline notes that this link has been questioned, since the root sense of ''tempus'' seems to be “stretch”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's first citations are from Plautus and Ennius, of restraining oneself.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Intransitively it meant to show restraint, behave with moderation, as in Plautus, to be moderate towards someone, and to refrain from something.^(OLD 2012) Transitively it meant to moderate, temper, as in Cicero, to restrain persons or forces, as Virgil's ruling of the winds, and to adjust or regulate, also in temperature.^(OLD 2012) It meant to bring substances to a proper strength by mixing or diluting, as in Cato, to blend, compound, to combine qualities, to steer or control, as in Horace, and to regulate institutions, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012) Plautus has the old subjunctive ''temperint''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to be temperate, control, rule, mingle, regulate, govern.^(Stelten 1995) It survives in Italian ''temprare'' and French ''tremper''.^(Wiktionary) Old English borrowed it as ''temprian'', the source of [[en|temper]], and [[en|temperature]] comes from ''temperātūra''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of refraining.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of moderation.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of mixing and adjusting.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of moderating and regulating.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To show restraint; to be moderate.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To refrain (from).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To moderate, [[m|en|temper]]; to restrain.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To adjust, regulate.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To mix in due proportion; to blend.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To steer, control; to govern.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[attemperō]]

+ * [[contemperō]]

+ * [[obtemperō]]

+ * [[temperāmentum]]

+ * [[temperāns]]

+ * [[temperantia]]

+ * [[temperātē]]

+ * [[temperātiō]]

+ * [[temperātīvus]]

+ * [[temperātor]]

+ * [[temperātūra]]

+ * [[temperātus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tempus]]

+ * [[en|temper]]

+ * [[en|temperature]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}