trepidus Latin · revision 6390

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Lucretius|origins=ine-pro *trep-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtrɛ.pɪ.dʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtrɛː.pi.dus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''trepidus''' (feminine trepida, neuter trepidum); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from a root [[ine-pro|*trep-|t=to tremble, tread]] with the suffix [[-idus]].^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010)^(Etymonline) The OLD compares [[sa|तृप्र|tr=tṛprá-|t=anxious]], [[cu|трепетати|tr=trepetati|t=to tremble]] and [[grc|τραπέω|tr=trapéō|t=to tread grapes]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's first source is Lucretius, whom the OLD cites for alarmed conduct.^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Lucretius 96–55 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant filled with alarm, anxious, fearful, also timid by nature, as in Sallust, and of conduct or situations marked by alarm, as in Lucretius.^(OLD 2012) It meant excited, agitated, bustling, as Virgil's bees gathering in a flurry, and of motion quivering, trembling, as in Virgil.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Medieval Latin it meant alarmed, frightened.^(DMLBS) [[en|trepid]] was borrowed in the 1640s, [[en|intrepid]] in the 1690s from ''intrepidus'', and [[en|trepidation]] about 1600 from ''trepidātiō''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of alarmed conduct.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 86–34 BC – Sallust uses it of anxious people.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of bustling bees.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1640s – English ''trepid'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Alarmed, anxious, fearful; timid.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Marked by alarm.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Agitated, bustling.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Quivering, [[m|en|trembling]].^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[intrepidus]]

+ * [[pertrepidus]]

+ * [[praetrepidus]]

+ * [[sēmitrepidus]]

+ * [[trepidiarius]]

+ * [[trepidō]]

+ * [[trepidulus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|intrepid]]

+ * [[en|trepidation]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}