vigil Latin · revision 6385
16 Oct 2026, 08:01 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Virgil|origins=ine-pro *weǵ-}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈwɪ.ɡɪɫ]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈviː.d͡ʒil]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''vigil''' (genitive vigilis); third-declension one-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*weglis]], from [[ine-pro|*weǵlis]], from the root [[ine-pro|*weǵ-|t=to be strong, lively, awake]] of [[vegeō]] and [[vigeō]] “to be lively”.^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Köbler's first source is Virgil, whom he dates 70–19 BC.^(Köbler 2010) The OLD cites Horace and Lucretius for the adjective.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ As an adjective it meant awake while others sleep, wakeful, watchful, as in Horace and Virgil, of things such as Virgil's ever-burning fire, and alert, vigilant.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) As a noun it meant a watchman, sentry, guard, and specifically a member of the ''vigilēs'', the fire brigade and night watch organized by Augustus at Rome, as in Seneca.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) Döderlein says ''vigil'' is being awake by will and energy, while [[īnsomnis]] is merely sleepless.^(Döderlein 1874)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant watchful, alert; as a noun a sentinel, watchman.^(Stelten 1995) In Medieval Latin it meant a sentry or nightwatchman.^(DMLBS) It survives in Romanian ''veghe'' “watch”.^(Wiktionary) [[en|vigil]] comes from its noun [[vigilia]] “watch”, in the mid-13th century, and [[en|vigilant]] from its verb [[vigilō]].^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of watchfulness.^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of wakefulness.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it as a noun.^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of the night watch.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # Awake, wakeful, watchful.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Alert, [[m|en|vigilant]].^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ===Noun===
+ # A watchman, [[m|en|sentry]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(plural)'' The night watch and fire brigade of Rome.^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[vigilia]]
+ * [[vigilō]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[vigeō]]
+ * [[en|vigil]]
+ * [[en|vigilant]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}