ala Latin · revision 6338

16 Oct 2026, 07:14 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Ennius|origins=ine-pro *h₂eḱs-}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈaː.ɫa]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈaː.la]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''āla''' ''f'' (genitive ālae); first declension^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is contracted from an earlier *axla, from [[axis]] “axle”, from [[ine-pro|*h₂eḱs-|t=axis]], and is related to [[āxilla]] “armpit”.^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Etymonline) The OLD compares [[ang|eaxl|t=shoulder]] and [[sa|अक्ष|tr=ákṣa-|t=axle]].^(OLD 2012) Cicero notes the contraction of ⟨axilla⟩ to ⟨āla⟩.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's first citation is Ennius, of a bird's wing.^(OLD 2012) Köbler's first source is Plautus.^(Köbler 2010) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant the wing of a bird or insect, also of gods and heroes, and in poetry a symbol of speed or an attribute of night, as in Virgil.^(OLD 2012) It meant the upper arm, the armpit, as in Plautus, a fish's fin, a section of a sail, and the axil of a branch.^(OLD 2012) In war it meant the wing of an army, as in Sallust, a unit of auxiliary troops, as in Cato, and a squadron of cavalry, as in Nepos.^(OLD 2012) In architecture it meant a recess beside the atrium or the aisle of a temple, as in Vitruvius.^(OLD 2012) Döderlein says ''āla'' is the wing as a joint, [[penna]] the wing as feathers.^(Döderlein 1874)
+ 
+ In Ecclesiastical and Medieval Latin it meant a wing, and figuratively shelter, protection.^(Stelten 1995)^(Niermeyer 1976) It survives in Italian and Spanish ''ala'' and French ''aile''.^(Wiktionary) Through Old French ''ele'' it is the source of [[en|aisle]] in the late 14th century.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of a wing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of the armpit.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of auxiliary troops.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 14th century – English ''aisle'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # A [[m|en|wing]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # The upper arm; the armpit.^(OLD 2012)
+ # A fin; a section of a sail.^(OLD 2012)
+ # The wing of an army; an auxiliary unit; a cavalry squadron.^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(architecture)'' A side recess; an [[m|en|aisle]].^(OLD 2012)
+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Protection.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[ālipēs]]
+ * [[ālāris]]
+ * [[ālārius]]
+ * [[ālātus]]
+ * [[āles]]
+ * [[alicula]]
+ * [[alifer]]
+ * [[āliger]]
+ * [[ālipilus]]
+ * [[āxilla]]
+ * [[ascella]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[axis]]
+ * [[penna]]
+ * [[en|aisle]]
+ 
+ ==Usage notes==
+ In Medieval Latin a homograph ''ala'', from Old English, meant ale, beer.^(Niermeyer 1976)
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}