alienus Latin · revision 6337

16 Oct 2026, 07:13 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Twelve Tables|origins=la alius}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [a.liˈeː.nʊs]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [a.liˈɛː.nus]^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''aliēnus''' (feminine aliēna, neuter aliēnum, comparative aliēnior, superlative aliēnissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is from [[alius]] “other” with the suffix [[-ēnus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline) ⟨Alius⟩ goes back to [[ine-pro|*h₂el-|t=other, beyond]].^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's first citation is the Twelve Tables, of what belongs to another, and Köbler dates them about 450 BC.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant belonging to another, not one's own, as Cicero's men who tilled their own fields and did not covet others', of another's spouse, and ''aes aliēnum'' “debt”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) It meant unusual, unconnected, foreign, as in Plautus, unrelated by blood, and unfamiliar, strange.^(OLD 2012) Of persons and feelings it meant unfriendly, estranged, averse, as in Cicero, and of things unsuitable, incompatible, irrelevant, or harmful, of places and times unfavourable.^(OLD 2012) In Sallust it meant mentally disturbed.^(OLD 2012) As a noun it meant another's slave, a foreigner, an outsider.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ In Medieval Latin it meant deprived of something, and alien, a foreigner.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS) It survives in Spanish ''ajeno'' and Portuguese ''alheio''.^(Wiktionary) [[en|alien]] came through Old French about 1300.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it of another's property.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of foreign and strange things.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of others' fields and of unfriendly feelings.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 1300 – English ''alien'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Adjective===
+ # Belonging to another, ''aes aliēnum'', debt.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Unusual; unconnected.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Foreign; unrelated; strange.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Unfriendly, estranged; averse.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Unsuitable, incompatible; irrelevant.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Unfavourable, harmful.^(OLD 2012)
+ # Mentally disturbed.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ===Noun===
+ # A foreigner, [[m|en|alien]]; an outsider.^(OLD 2012)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[aliēnigenus]]
+ * [[aliēniloquium]]
+ * [[alienitas]]
+ * [[alienum]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[alius]]
+ * [[alter]]
+ * [[en|alien]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}